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This detects whether text has likely been encoded in one encoding and decoded in another, perhaps multiple times. This often results in display of "mojibake" characters. For example, a file encoded in UTF-8 is opened as CP-1252 (Windows Latin codepage) in Microsoft Excel, and saved again as UTF-8. You will see strings like this in the resulting file: - CIAT Publicaçao - CIAT Publicación The correct version of these in UTF-8 would be: - CIAT Publicaçao - CIAT Publicación I use a code snippet from Martijn Pieters on StackOverflow to de- tect whether a string is "weird" as determined by the excellent "fixes text for you" (ftfy) Python library, then check if a weird string encodes as CP-1252 or not. If so, I can try to fix it. See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29071995/identify-garbage-unicode-string-using-python