csv-metadata-quality/csv_metadata_quality/fix.py

import re
from unicodedata import normalize

import pandas as pd
from colorama import Fore
from ftfy import fix_text

from csv_metadata_quality.util import is_mojibake, is_nfc


def whitespace(field, field_name):
    """Fix whitespace issues.

    Return string with leading, trailing, and consecutive whitespace trimmed.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Initialize an empty list to hold the cleaned values
    values = list()

    # Try to split multi-value field on "||" separator
    for value in field.split("||"):
        # Strip leading and trailing whitespace
        value = value.strip()

        # Replace excessive whitespace (>2) with one space
        pattern = re.compile(r"\s{2,}")
        match = re.findall(pattern, value)

        if match:
            print(
                f"{Fore.GREEN}Removing excessive whitespace ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{value}"
            )
            value = re.sub(pattern, " ", value)

        # Save cleaned value
        values.append(value)

    # Create a new field consisting of all values joined with "||"
    new_field = "||".join(values)

    return new_field


def separators(field, field_name):
    """Fix for invalid and unnecessary multi-value separators, for example:

        value|value
        value|||value
        value||value||

    Prints the field with the invalid multi-value separator.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Initialize an empty list to hold the cleaned values
    values = list()

    # Try to split multi-value field on "||" separator
    for value in field.split("||"):
        # Check if the value is blank and skip it
        if value == "":
            print(
                f"{Fore.GREEN}Fixing unnecessary multi-value separator ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{field}"
            )

            continue

        # After splitting, see if there are any remaining "|" characters
        pattern = re.compile(r"\|")
        match = re.findall(pattern, value)

        if match:
            print(
                f"{Fore.GREEN}Fixing invalid multi-value separator ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{value}"
            )

            value = re.sub(pattern, "||", value)

        # Save cleaned value
        values.append(value)

    # Create a new field consisting of all values joined with "||"
    new_field = "||".join(values)

    return new_field


def unnecessary_unicode(field):
    """Remove and replace unnecessary Unicode characters.

    Removes unnecessary Unicode characters like:
        - Zero-width space (U+200B)
        - Replacement character (U+FFFD)

    Replaces unnecessary Unicode characters like:
        - Soft hyphen (U+00AD) → hyphen
        - No-break space (U+00A0) → space

    Return string with characters removed or replaced.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Check for zero-width space characters (U+200B)
    pattern = re.compile(r"\u200B")
    match = re.findall(pattern, field)

    if match:
        print(f"{Fore.GREEN}Removing unnecessary Unicode (U+200B): {Fore.RESET}{field}")
        field = re.sub(pattern, "", field)

    # Check for replacement characters (U+FFFD)
    pattern = re.compile(r"\uFFFD")
    match = re.findall(pattern, field)

    if match:
        print(f"{Fore.GREEN}Removing unnecessary Unicode (U+FFFD): {Fore.RESET}{field}")
        field = re.sub(pattern, "", field)

    # Check for no-break spaces (U+00A0)
    pattern = re.compile(r"\u00A0")
    match = re.findall(pattern, field)

    if match:
        print(
            f"{Fore.GREEN}Replacing unnecessary Unicode (U+00A0): {Fore.RESET}{field}"
        )
        field = re.sub(pattern, " ", field)

    # Check for soft hyphens (U+00AD), sometimes preceeded with a normal hyphen
    pattern = re.compile(r"\u002D*?\u00AD")
    match = re.findall(pattern, field)

    if match:
        print(
            f"{Fore.GREEN}Replacing unnecessary Unicode (U+00AD): {Fore.RESET}{field}"
        )
        field = re.sub(pattern, "-", field)

    return field


def duplicates(field, field_name):
    """Remove duplicate metadata values."""

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Try to split multi-value field on "||" separator
    values = field.split("||")

    # Initialize an empty list to hold the de-duplicated values
    new_values = list()

    # Iterate over all values
    for value in values:
        # Check if each value exists in our list of values already
        if value not in new_values:
            new_values.append(value)
        else:
            print(
                f"{Fore.GREEN}Removing duplicate value ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{value}"
            )

    # Create a new field consisting of all values joined with "||"
    new_field = "||".join(new_values)

    return new_field


def newlines(field):
    """Fix newlines.

    Single metadata values should not span multiple lines because this is not
    rendered properly in DSpace's XMLUI and even causes issues during import.

    Implementation note: this currently only detects Unix line feeds (0x0a).
    This is essentially when a user presses "Enter" to move to the next line.
    Other newlines like the Windows carriage return are already handled with
    the string stipping performed in the whitespace fixes.

    Confusingly, in Vim '\n' matches a line feed when searching, but you must
    use '\r' to *insert* a line feed, ie in a search and replace expression.

    Return string with newlines removed.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Check for Unix line feed (LF)
    match = re.findall(r"\n", field)

    if match:
        print(f"{Fore.GREEN}Removing newline: {Fore.RESET}{field}")
        field = field.replace("\n", "")

    return field


def comma_space(field, field_name):
    """Fix occurrences of commas missing a trailing space, for example:

    Orth,Alan S.

    This is a very common mistake in author and citation fields.

    Return string with a space added.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Check for comma followed by a word character
    match = re.findall(r",\w", field)

    if match:
        print(
            f"{Fore.GREEN}Adding space after comma ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{field}"
        )
        field = re.sub(r",(\w)", r", \1", field)

    return field


def normalize_unicode(field, field_name):
    """Fix occurrences of decomposed Unicode characters by normalizing them
    with NFC to their canonical forms, for example:

    Ouédraogo, Mathieu → Ouédraogo, Mathieu

    Return normalized string.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return

    # Check if the current string is using normalized Unicode (NFC)
    if not is_nfc(field):
        print(f"{Fore.GREEN}Normalizing Unicode ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{field}")
        field = normalize("NFC", field)

    return field


def mojibake(field, field_name):
    """Attempts to fix mojibake (text that was encoded in one encoding and deco-
    ded in another, perhaps multiple times). See util.py.

    Return fixed string.
    """

    # Skip fields with missing values
    if pd.isna(field):
        return field

    if is_mojibake(field):
        print(f"{Fore.GREEN}Fixing encoding issue ({field_name}): {Fore.RESET}{field}")

        return fix_text(field)
    else:
        return field