I will try using nftables directly instead of via firewalld as of
Debian 11 as it is the replacement for the iptables/ipset stack in
recent years and is easier to work with.
This also includes a systemd service, timer, and script to update
the spamhaus DROP lists as nftables sets.
Still need to add fail2ban support.
Recommended by ssh-audit, but also generally the concensus for a few
years that Encrypt-and-MAC is hard to get right. OpenSSH has several
Encrypt-then-MAC schemes available so we can use those.
See: https://www.daemonology.net/blog/2009-06-24-encrypt-then-mac.html
This was to enable the persistent systemd journal, but it is no lo-
nger needed as of Ubuntu 18.04 and Debian 11. I had removed the ta-
asks long ago, but forgot to remove this file.
This configures the recommended DROP, EDROP, and DROPv6 lists from
Spamhaus as ipsets in firewalld. First we copy an empty placeholder
ipset to seed firewalld, then we use a shell script to download the
real lists and activate them. The same shell script is run daily as
a service (update-spamhaus-lists.service) by a systemd timer.
I am strictly avoiding any direct ipset commands here because I want
to make sure that this works on older hosts where ipsets is used as
well as newer hosts that have moved to nftables such as Ubuntu 20.04.
So far I have tested this on Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04, and 20.04, but ev-
entually I need to abstract the tasks and run them on CentOS 7+ as
well.
See: https://www.spamhaus.org/drop/
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
Older Ubuntus originally didn't use a persistent journal, which was
somewhat of a surprise when looking at logs after a few months. Now
this does not seem to be an issue since Ubuntu 18.04. As for CentOS
I do not use that distro here so I don't need to care.
The nftables backend should be more performant and flexible. I had
been planning to use it on Ubuntu 18.04 and Debian 10 as well, but
there were issues with the specific versions used in those distros.
See: https://firewalld.org/2018/07/nftables-backend
We never used this simple firewall utility and in at least one case
a user on the server tried to use it and messed up the rules I had
set via firewalld.
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d \
confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" \
-H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' \
-e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' -e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy:
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
$ tidy -xml -utf8 -m -iq -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv6.xml
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' -e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy.
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort | sed -e '/:/w /tmp/ipv6.txt' -e '/:/d' > /tmp/ipv4.txt
I manually add the XML formatting to each file and run them through
tidy.
For some reason the nftables set support in firewalld doesn't seem
to be working. I see that sets (aka ipsets in nftables lingo) are
created, but they are empty. For now I will just leave these tasks
as they are to revert the behavior on current hosts (should do no
change on new installed, as the regexp won't match).
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort > /tmp/ips.txt
I manually remove the IPv6 addresses and save them to a different
filr, then I add the XML formatting to files and run them through
tidy.
This is active banning of IPs that are brute forcing login attempts
to SSH, versus the passive banning of 10,000 abusive IPs from the
abuseipdb.com blacklist. For now I am banning IPs that fail to log
in successfully more than twelve times in a one-hour period, but
these settings might change, and I can override them at the group
and host level if needed.
Currently this works for CentOS 7, Ubuntu 16.04, and Ubuntu 18.04,
with minor differences in the systemd configuration due to older
versions on some distributions.
You can see the status of the jail like this:
# fail2ban-client status sshd
Status for the jail: sshd
|- Filter
| |- Currently failed: 0
| |- Total failed: 0
| `- Journal matches: _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service + _COMM=sshd
`- Actions
|- Currently banned: 1
|- Total banned: 1
`- Banned IP list: 106.13.112.20
You can unban IPs like this:
# fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip 106.13.112.20
Seems to work around an issue when firewalld is using the nftables
backend with iptables 1.8.2 on Debian 10. Alternatively I could go
back to using the iptables backend... hmm.
See: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=914694
This causes problems every time I re-run the Ansible tag because the
nightly apt security uses a different sources.list and the indexes
are then missing buster-backports. I could add a cache update to the
task, but actually I think the original bug I was trying to solve is
finally fixed, and I'm going to switch to nftables anyways.
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort > /tmp/ips.txt
Then I add the XML formatting to the file and run it through tidy.
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort > /tmp/ips.txt
Then I add the XML formatting to the file and run it through tidy.
This comes from the AbuseIPDB with a confidence level of 95%. I use
the following command to download and sort the IPs:
$ curl -G https://api.abuseipdb.com/api/v2/blacklist -d confidenceMinimum=95 -H "Key: $ABUSEIPDB_API_KEY" -H "Accept: text/plain" | sort > /tmp/ips.txt
Then I add the XML formatting to the file and run it through tidy.
Now that I'm blocking ~10,000 malicious IPs from AbuseIPDB I feel
more comfortable using a more relaxed rate limit for SSH. A limit
of 12 per minute is about one every five seconds.
I updated the list with a few dozen more hosts that we brute forcing
SSH but failed to even negotiate a connection because they are using
old ciphers. I will still block them because they attempted 100+ co-
nnections.
This uses the ipsets feature of the Linux kernel to create lists of
IPs (though could be MACs, IP:port, etc) that we can block via the
existing firewalld zone we are already using. In my testing it works
on CentOS 7, Ubuntu 16.04, and Ubuntu 18.04.
The list of abusive IPs currently comes from HPC's systemd journal,
where I filtered for hosts that had attempted and failed to log in
over 100 times. The list is formatted with tidy, for example:
$ tidy -xml -iq -m -w 0 roles/common/files/abusers-ipv4.xml
See: https://firewalld.org/2015/12/ipset-support
If a user has RSA, ECDSA, and ED25519 private keys present on their
system then the ssh client will offer all of these to the server
and they may not get a chance to try password auth before it fails.
There is a bug in iptables 1.8.2 in Debian 10 "Buster" that causes
firewalld to fail when restoring rules. The bug has been fixed in
iptables 1.8.3, which is currently in buster-backports.
See: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=914694
For some reason the key ID I had here was wrong. According to the
Tarsnap website the key ID is 0x6D97F5A4CA38CF33.
ee: https://www.tarsnap.com/pkg-deb.html
Debian 10 comes with Python 2 and Python 3 (at least from the ISO),
so we should prefer the Python 3 version of pycurl. We'll see whet-
her cloud providers like Linode and Digital Ocean ship with Python
3 or not in their default image.
We can register changes when adding repositories and keys and then
update the apt package index conditionally. This should make it be
more consistent between initial host setup and subsequent re-runs.
Ansible errors on adding the tarsnap signing key because it is not
valid (expired a month ago). I contacted Colin Percival about this
on Twitter but he did not seem worried for some reason.
I had previously been removing some packages for security reasons,
then removing others because they were annoying, and yet *others*
because they were annoying on newer Ubuntus only. It is easier to
just unify these tasks and remove them all in one go.
On older Ubuntus where some packages don't exist the task will just
succeed because the package is absent anyways.
The default systemd journal configuration on CentOS 7 and Ubuntu
16.04 does not keep journal logs for multiple boots. This limits
the usefulness of the journal entirely (for example, try to see
sshd logs from even two or three months ago!).
Changing the storage to "persistent" makes systemd keep the logs
on disk in /var/log/journal for up to 2% of the partition size.
