---
title: "November, 2017"
date: 2017-11-02T09:37:54+02:00
author: "Alan Orth"
tags: ["Notes"]
---

## 2017-11-01

- The CORE developers responded to say they are looking into their bot not respecting our robots.txt

## 2017-11-02

- Today there have been no hits by CORE and no alerts from Linode (coincidence?)

```
# grep -c "CORE" /var/log/nginx/access.log
0
```

- Generate list of authors on CGSpace for Peter to go through and correct:

```
dspace=# \copy (select distinct text_value, count(*) as count from metadatavalue where metadata_field_id = (select metadata_field_id from metadatafieldregistry where element = 'contributor' and qualifier = 'author') AND resource_type_id = 2 group by text_value order by count desc) to /tmp/authors.csv with csv;
COPY 54701
```

<!--more-->

- Abenet asked if it would be possible to generate a report of items in Listing and Reports that had "International Fund for Agricultural Development" as the *only* investor
- I opened a ticket with Atmire to ask if this was possible: https://tracker.atmire.com/tickets-cgiar-ilri/view-ticket?id=540
- Work on making the thumbnails in the item view clickable
- Basically, once you read the METS XML for an item it becomes easy to trace the structure to find the bitstream link

```
//mets:fileSec/mets:fileGrp[@USE='CONTENT']/mets:file/mets:FLocat[@LOCTYPE='URL']/@xlink:href
```

- METS XML is available for all items with this pattern: /metadata/handle/10568/95947/mets.xml
- I whipped up a quick hack to print a clickable link with this URL on the thumbnail but it needs to check a few corner cases, like when there is a thumbnail but no content bitstream!
- Help proof fifty-three CIAT records for Sisay: https://dspacetest.cgiar.org/handle/10568/95895
- A handful of issues with `cg.place` using format like "Lima, PE" instead of "Lima, Peru"
- Also, some dates like with completely invalid format like "2010- 06" and "2011-3-28"
- I also collapsed some consecutive whitespace on a handful of fields

## 2017-11-03

- Atmire got back to us to say that they estimate it will take two days of labor to implement the change to Listings and Reports
- I said I'd ask Abenet if she wants that feature

## 2017-11-04

- I finished looking through Sisay's CIAT records for the "Alianzas de Aprendizaje" data
- I corrected about half of the authors to standardize them
- Linode emailed this morning to say that the CPU usage was high again, this time at 6:14AM
- It's the first time in a few days that this has happened
- I had a look to see what was going on, but it isn't the CORE bot:

```
# awk '{print $1}' /var/log/nginx/access.log | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
    306 68.180.229.31
    323 61.148.244.116
    414 66.249.66.91
    507 40.77.167.16
    618 157.55.39.161
    652 207.46.13.103
    666 157.55.39.254
   1173 104.196.152.243
   1737 66.249.66.90
  23101 138.201.52.218
```

- 138.201.52.218 is from some Hetzner server, and I see it making 40,000 requests yesterday too, but none before that:

```
# zgrep -c 138.201.52.218 /var/log/nginx/access.log*
/var/log/nginx/access.log:24403
/var/log/nginx/access.log.1:45958
/var/log/nginx/access.log.2.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.3.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.4.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.5.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.6.gz:0
```

- It's clearly a bot as it's making tens of thousands of requests, but it's using a "normal" user agent:

```
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2227.0 Safari/537.36
```

- For now I don't know what this user is!

## 2017-11-05

- Peter asked if I could fix the appearance of "International Livestock Research Institute" in the author lookup during item submission
- It looks to be just an issue with the user interface expecting authors to have both a first and last name:

![Author lookup](/cgspace-notes/2017/11/author-lookup.png)
![Add author](/cgspace-notes/2017/11/add-author.png)

- But in the database the authors are correct (none with weird `, /` characters):

```
dspace=# select distinct text_value, authority, confidence from metadatavalue value where resource_type_id=2 and metadata_field_id=3 and text_value like 'International Livestock Research Institute%';
                 text_value                 |              authority               | confidence 
--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------
 International Livestock Research Institute | 8f3865dc-d056-4aec-90b7-77f49ab4735c |          0
 International Livestock Research Institute | f4db1627-47cd-4699-b394-bab7eba6dadc |          0
 International Livestock Research Institute |                                      |         -1
 International Livestock Research Institute | 8f3865dc-d056-4aec-90b7-77f49ab4735c |        600
 International Livestock Research Institute | f4db1627-47cd-4699-b394-bab7eba6dadc |         -1
 International Livestock Research Institute |                                      |        600
 International Livestock Research Institute | 8f3865dc-d056-4aec-90b7-77f49ab4735c |         -1
 International Livestock Research Institute | 8f3865dc-d056-4aec-90b7-77f49ab4735c |        500
(8 rows)
```

- So I'm not sure if this is just a graphical glitch or if editors have to edit this metadata field prior to approval
- Looking at monitoring Tomcat's JVM heap with Prometheus, it looks like we need to use JMX + [jmx_exporter](https://github.com/prometheus/jmx_exporter)
- This guide shows how to [enable JMX in Tomcat](https://geekflare.com/enable-jmx-tomcat-to-monitor-administer/) by modifying `CATALINA_OPTS`
- I was able to successfully connect to my local Tomcat with jconsole!

## 2017-11-07

- CGSpace when down and up a few times this morning, first around 3AM, then around 7
- Tsega had to restart Tomcat 7 to fix it temporarily
- I will start by looking at bot usage (access.log.1 includes usage until 6AM today):

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
    619 65.49.68.184
    840 65.49.68.199
    924 66.249.66.91
   1131 68.180.229.254
   1583 66.249.66.90
   1953 207.46.13.103
   1999 207.46.13.80
   2021 157.55.39.161
   2034 207.46.13.36
   4681 104.196.152.243
```

- 104.196.152.243 seems to be a top scraper for a few weeks now:

```
# zgrep -c 104.196.152.243 /var/log/nginx/access.log*
/var/log/nginx/access.log:336
/var/log/nginx/access.log.1:4681
/var/log/nginx/access.log.2.gz:3531
/var/log/nginx/access.log.3.gz:3532
/var/log/nginx/access.log.4.gz:5786
/var/log/nginx/access.log.5.gz:8542
/var/log/nginx/access.log.6.gz:6988
/var/log/nginx/access.log.7.gz:7517
/var/log/nginx/access.log.8.gz:7211
/var/log/nginx/access.log.9.gz:2763
```

- This user is responsible for hundreds and sometimes thousands of Tomcat sessions:

```
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-07 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
954
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-03 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
6199
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-01 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
7051
```

- The worst thing is that this user never specifies a user agent string so we can't lump it in with the other bots using the Tomcat Session Crawler Manager Valve
- They don't request dynamic URLs like "/discover" but they seem to be fetching handles from XMLUI instead of REST (and some with `//handle`, note the regex below):

```
# grep -c 104.196.152.243 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1
4681
# grep 104.196.152.243 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c -P 'GET //?handle'
4618
```

- I just realized that `ciat.cgiar.org` points to 104.196.152.243, so I should contact Leroy from CIAT to see if we can change their scraping behavior
- The next IP (207.46.13.36) seem to be Microsoft's bingbot, but all its requests specify the "bingbot" user agent and there are no requests for dynamic URLs that are forbidden, like "/discover":

```
$ grep -c 207.46.13.36 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 
2034
# grep 207.46.13.36 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
0
```

- The next IP (157.55.39.161) also seems to be bingbot, and none of its requests are for URLs forbidden by robots.txt either:

```
# grep 157.55.39.161 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
0
```

- The next few seem to be bingbot as well, and they declare a proper user agent and do not request dynamic URLs like "/discover":

```
# grep -c -E '207.46.13.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 
5997
# grep -E '207.46.13.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "bingbot"
5988
# grep -E '207.46.13.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
0
```

- The next few seem to be Googlebot, and they declare a proper user agent and do not request dynamic URLs like "/discover":

```
# grep -c -E '66.249.66.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 
3048
# grep -E '66.249.66.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c Google
3048
# grep -E '66.249.66.[0-9]{2,3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
0
```

- The next seems to be Yahoo, which declares a proper user agent and does not request dynamic URLs like "/discover":

```
# grep -c 68.180.229.254 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 
1131
# grep  68.180.229.254 /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
0
```

- The last of the top ten IPs seems to be some bot with a weird user agent, but they are not behaving too well:

```
# grep -c -E '65.49.68.[0-9]{3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 
2950
# grep -E '65.49.68.[0-9]{3}' /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c "GET /discover"
330
```

- Their user agents vary, ie:
  - `Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36`
  - `Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.97 Safari/537.11`
  - `Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)`
- I'll just keep an eye on that one for now, as it only made a few hundred requests to dynamic discovery URLs
- While it's not in the top ten, Baidu is one bot that seems to not give a fuck:

```
# grep -c Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log.1
8068
# grep Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -c -E "GET /(browse|discover)"
1431
```

- According to their documentation their bot [respects `robots.txt`](http://www.baidu.com/search/robots_english.html), but I don't see this being the case
- I think I will end up blocking Baidu as well...
- Next is for me to look and see what was happening specifically at 3AM and 7AM when the server crashed
- I should look in nginx access.log, rest.log, oai.log, and DSpace's dspace.log.2017-11-07
- Here are the top IPs making requests to XMLUI from 2 to 8 AM:

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -E '07/Nov/2017:0[2-8]' | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
    279 66.249.66.91
    373 65.49.68.199
    446 68.180.229.254
    470 104.196.152.243
    470 197.210.168.174
    598 207.46.13.103
    603 157.55.39.161
    637 207.46.13.80
    703 207.46.13.36
    724 66.249.66.90
```

- Of those, most are Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc, except 63.143.42.244 and 63.143.42.242 which are Uptime Robot
- Here are the top IPs making requests to REST from 2 to 8 AM:

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/rest.log /var/log/nginx/rest.log.1 | grep -E '07/Nov/2017:0[2-8]' | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
      8 207.241.229.237
     10 66.249.66.90
     16 104.196.152.243
     25 41.60.238.61
     26 157.55.39.161
     27 207.46.13.103
     27 207.46.13.80
     31 207.46.13.36
   1498 50.116.102.77
```

- The OAI requests during that same time period are nothing to worry about:

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/oai.log /var/log/nginx/oai.log.1 | grep -E '07/Nov/2017:0[2-8]' | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
      1 66.249.66.92
      4 66.249.66.90
      6 68.180.229.254
```

- The top IPs from dspace.log during the 2–8 AM period:

```
$ grep -E '2017-11-07 0[2-8]' dspace.log.2017-11-07 | grep -o -E 'ip_addr=[0-9.]+' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
    143 ip_addr=213.55.99.121
    181 ip_addr=66.249.66.91
    223 ip_addr=157.55.39.161
    248 ip_addr=207.46.13.80
    251 ip_addr=207.46.13.103
    291 ip_addr=207.46.13.36
    297 ip_addr=197.210.168.174
    312 ip_addr=65.49.68.199
    462 ip_addr=104.196.152.243
    488 ip_addr=66.249.66.90
```

- These aren't actually very interesting, as the top few are Google, CIAT, Bingbot, and a few other unknown scrapers
- The number of requests isn't even that high to be honest
- As I was looking at these logs I noticed another heavy user (124.17.34.59) that was not active during this time period, but made many requests today alone:

```
# zgrep -c 124.17.34.59 /var/log/nginx/access.log*
/var/log/nginx/access.log:22581
/var/log/nginx/access.log.1:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.2.gz:14
/var/log/nginx/access.log.3.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.4.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.5.gz:3
/var/log/nginx/access.log.6.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.7.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.8.gz:0
/var/log/nginx/access.log.9.gz:1
```

- The whois data shows the IP is from China, but the user agent doesn't really give any clues:

```
# grep 124.17.34.59 /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk -F'" ' '{print $3}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -h
    210 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36"
  22610 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64; Trident/7.0; LCTE)"
```

- A Google search for "LCTE bot" doesn't return anything interesting, but this [Stack Overflow discussion](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42500881/what-is-lcte-in-user-agent) references the lack of information
- So basically after a few hours of looking at the log files I am not closer to understanding what is going on!
- I do know that we want to block Baidu, though, as it does not respect `robots.txt`
- And as we speak Linode alerted that the outbound traffic rate is very high for the past two hours (about 12–14 hours)
- At least for now it seems to be that new Chinese IP (124.17.34.59):

```
# grep -E "07/Nov/2017:1[234]:" /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq -c | sort -h | tail
    198 207.46.13.103
    203 207.46.13.80
    205 207.46.13.36
    218 157.55.39.161
    249 45.5.184.221
    258 45.5.187.130
    386 66.249.66.90
    410 197.210.168.174
   1896 104.196.152.243
  11005 124.17.34.59
```

- Seems 124.17.34.59 are really downloading all our PDFs, compared to the next top active IPs during this time!

```
# grep -E "07/Nov/2017:1[234]:" /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep 124.17.34.59 | grep -c pdf
5948
# grep -E "07/Nov/2017:1[234]:" /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep 104.196.152.243 | grep -c pdf
0
```

- About CIAT, I think I need to encourage them to specify a user agent string for their requests, because they are not reuising their Tomcat session and they are creating thousands of sessions per day
- All CIAT requests vs unique ones:

```
$ grep -Io -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}:ip_addr=104.196.152.243' dspace.log.2017-11-07 | wc -l
3506
$ grep -Io -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}:ip_addr=104.196.152.243' dspace.log.2017-11-07 | sort | uniq | wc -l
3506
```

- I emailed CIAT about the session issue, user agent issue, and told them they should not scrape the HTML contents of communities, instead using the REST API
- About Baidu, I found a link to their [robots.txt tester tool](http://ziyuan.baidu.com/robots/)
- It seems like our robots.txt file is valid, and they claim to recognize that URLs like `/discover` should be forbidden (不允许, aka "not allowed"):

![Baidu robots.txt tester](/cgspace-notes/2017/11/baidu-robotstxt.png)

- But they literally just made this request today:

```
180.76.15.136 - - [07/Nov/2017:06:25:11 +0000] "GET /discover?filtertype_0=crpsubject&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_0=WATER%2C+LAND+AND+ECOSYSTEMS&filtertype=subject&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=WATER+RESOURCES HTTP/1.1" 200 82265 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Baiduspider/2.0; +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)"
```

- Along with another thousand or so requests to URLs that are forbidden in robots.txt today alone:

```
# grep -c Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log
3806
# grep Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep -c -E "GET /(browse|discover|search-filter)"
1085
```

- I will think about blocking their IPs but they have 164 of them!

```
# grep "Baiduspider/2.0" /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{print $1}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
164
```

## 2017-11-08

- Linode sent several alerts last night about CPU usage and outbound traffic rate at 6:13PM
- Linode sent another alert about CPU usage in the morning at 6:12AM
- Jesus, the new Chinese IP (124.17.34.59) has downloaded 24,000 PDFs in the last 24 hours:

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep -E "0[78]/Nov/2017:" | grep 124.17.34.59 | grep -v pdf.jpg | grep -c pdf
24981
```

- This is about 20,000 Tomcat sessions:

```
$ cat dspace.log.2017-11-07 dspace.log.2017-11-08 | grep -Io -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}:ip_addr=124.17.34.59' | sort | uniq | wc -l
20733
```

- I'm getting really sick of this
- Sisay re-uploaded the CIAT records that I had already corrected earlier this week, erasing all my corrections
- I had to re-correct all the publishers, places, names, dates, etc and apply the changes on DSpace Test
- Run system updates on DSpace Test and reboot the server
- Magdalena had written to say that two of their Phase II project tags were missing on CGSpace, so I added them ([#346](https://github.com/ilri/DSpace/pull/346))
- I figured out a way to use nginx's map function to assign a "bot" user agent to misbehaving clients who don't define a user agent
- Most bots are automatically lumped into one generic session by [Tomcat's Crawler Session Manager Valve](https://tomcat.apache.org/tomcat-7.0-doc/config/valve.html#Crawler_Session_Manager_Valve) but this only works if their user agent matches a pre-defined regular expression like `.*[bB]ot.*`
- Some clients send thousands of requests without a user agent which ends up creating thousands of Tomcat sessions, wasting precious memory, CPU, and database resources in the process
- Basically, we modify the nginx config to add a mapping with a modified user agent `$ua`:

```
map $remote_addr $ua {
    # 2017-11-08 Random Chinese host grabbing 20,000 PDFs
    124.17.34.59     'ChineseBot';
    default          $http_user_agent;
}
```

- If the client's address matches then the user agent is set, otherwise the default `$http_user_agent` variable is used
- Then, in the server's `/` block we pass this header to Tomcat:

```
proxy_pass http://tomcat_http;
proxy_set_header User-Agent $ua;
```

- Note to self: the `$ua` variable won't show up in nginx access logs because the default `combined` log format doesn't show it, so don't run around pulling your hair out wondering with the modified user agents aren't showing in the logs!
- If a client matching one of these IPs connects without a session, it will be assigned one by the Crawler Session Manager Valve
- You can verify by cross referencing nginx's `access.log` and DSpace's `dspace.log.2017-11-08`, for example
- I will deploy this on CGSpace later this week
- I am interested to check how this affects the number of sessions used by the CIAT and Chinese bots (see above on [2017-11-07](#2017-11-07) for example)
- I merged the clickable thumbnails code to `5_x-prod` ([#347](https://github.com/ilri/DSpace/pull/347)) and will deploy it later along with the new bot mapping stuff (and re-run the Asible `nginx` and `tomcat` tags)
- I was thinking about Baidu again and decided to see how many requests they have versus Google to URL paths that are explicitly forbidden in `robots.txt`:

```
# zgrep Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log* | grep -c -E "GET /(browse|discover|search-filter)"
22229
# zgrep Googlebot /var/log/nginx/access.log* | grep -c -E "GET /(browse|discover|search-filter)"
0
```

- It seems that they rarely even bother checking `robots.txt`, but Google does multiple times per day!

```
# zgrep Baiduspider /var/log/nginx/access.log* | grep -c robots.txt
14
# zgrep Googlebot  /var/log/nginx/access.log* | grep -c robots.txt
1134
```

- I have been looking for a reason to ban Baidu and this is definitely a good one
- Disallowing `Baiduspider` in `robots.txt` probably won't work because this bot doesn't seem to respect the robot exclusion standard anyways!
- I will whip up something in nginx later
- Run system updates on CGSpace and reboot the server
- Re-deploy latest `5_x-prod` branch on CGSpace and DSpace Test (includes the clickable thumbnails, CCAFS phase II project tags, and updated news text)

## 2017-11-09

- Awesome, it seems my bot mapping stuff in nginx actually reduced the number of Tomcat sessions used by the CIAT scraper today, total requests and unique sessions:

```
# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 | grep '09/Nov/2017' | grep -c 104.196.152.243
5769
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-09 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
223
```

- Versus the same stats for yesterday and the day before:

```
# zcat -f -- /var/log/nginx/access.log.1 /var/log/nginx/access.log.2.gz | grep '08/Nov/2017' | grep -c 104.196.152.243 
10216
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-08 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
2592
# zcat -f -- /var/log/nginx/access.log.2.gz /var/log/nginx/access.log.3.gz | grep '07/Nov/2017' | grep -c 104.196.152.243
8120
$ grep 104.196.152.243 dspace.log.2017-11-07 | grep -o -E 'session_id=[A-Z0-9]{32}' | sort -n | uniq | wc -l
3506
```

- The number of total requests vary by a few thousand, but the number of sessions is over *ten times less*!
- This gets me thinking, I wonder if I can use something like nginx's rate limiter to automatically change the user agent of clients who make too many requests
- Perhaps using a combination of geo and map, like illustrated here: https://www.nginx.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/